Ngexesha le-"14th Five-Year Plan", ngokwesicwangciso selizwe se-"carbon peak kunye ne-carbon neutral", ishishini le-photovoltaic liya kukhokelela kuphuhliso olukhulu. Ukuqhambuka kweshishini le-photovoltaic "kudale ubutyebi" kulo lonke uthotho lwemizi-mveliso. Kule khonkco imangalisayo, iglasi ye-photovoltaic likhonkco elibalulekileyo. Namhlanje, ikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, imfuno yeglasi ye-photovoltaic iyanda imihla ngemihla, kwaye kukho ukungalingani phakathi kokunikezelwa kunye nemfuno. Kwangaxeshanye, isanti ye-quartz enesinyithi esiphantsi kunye ne-ultra-white, into ebalulekileyo kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic, nayo inyukile, kwaye ixabiso linyukile kwaye ukunikezelwa kunqongophele. Iingcali zoshishino ziqikelela ukuba isanti ye-quartz enesinyithi esiphantsi iya kuba nokunyuka kwexesha elide okungaphezulu kwe-15% kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Phantsi komoya onamandla we-photovoltaic, ukuveliswa kwesanti ye-quartz enesinyithi esiphantsi kutsale ingqalelo enkulu.
1. Isanti yeQuartz yeglasi ye-photovoltaic
Iglasi ye-Photovoltaic isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengephaneli yokugquma iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic, kwaye idibana ngqo nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle. Ukumelana kwayo nemozulu, amandla, ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya kunye nezinye izalathisi zidlala indima ephambili kubomi beemodyuli ze-photovoltaic kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuvelisa umbane ixesha elide. Ii-ion zesinyithi kwisanti ye-quartz kulula ukuzidaya, kwaye ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuphezulu kwelanga kweglasi yokuqala, umxholo wesinyithi kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic uphantsi kunoweglasi eqhelekileyo, kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe isanti ye-quartz yesinyithi esiphantsi esinobumsulwa obukhulu be-silicon kunye nomxholo wokungcola okuphantsi.
Okwangoku, zimbalwa iintlabathi ze-quartz ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezinesinyithi esiphantsi ezilula ukuzemba kwilizwe lethu, kwaye zisasazwa kakhulu eHeyuan, eGuangxi, eFengyang, eAnhui, eHainan nakwezinye iindawo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokukhula kwamandla emveliso yeglasi emhlophe kakhulu egqunywe ziiseli zelanga, intlabathi ye-quartz ekumgangatho ophezulu eneendawo ezimbalwa zemveliso iya kuba sisixhobo esinqabileyo. Ukunikezelwa kwentlabathi ye-quartz esemgangathweni ophezulu nezinzileyo kuya kuthintela ukukhuphisana kweenkampani zeglasi ye-photovoltaic kwixesha elizayo. Ke ngoko, indlela yokunciphisa ngempumelelo umxholo wesinyithi, i-aluminium, i-titanium kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwintlabathi ye-quartz kunye nokulungiselela intlabathi ye-quartz ecocekileyo kakhulu sisihloko sophando esishushu.
2. Ukuveliswa kwesanti ye-quartz yesinyithi esiphantsi kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic
2.1 Ukucocwa kweSanti yeQuartz kwiGlasi yePhotovoltaic
Okwangoku, iinkqubo zemveli zokucoca i-quartz ezisetyenziswa ngokuvuthwa kushishino ziquka ukuhlunga, ukukrwela, ukucima i-calcination-water, ukugaya, ukuhluza, ukwahlula i-magnetic, ukwahlula i-gravity, ukuflotha, ukuhluza i-acid, ukuhluza i-microbial, ukukhupha igesi kubushushu obuphezulu, njl.njl., ukucoca okunzulu Iinkqubo ziquka ukuroasting nge-chlorine, ukwahlula imibala ngemitha, ukwahlula i-superconducting magnetic, i-vacuum yobushushu obuphezulu njl.njl. Inkqubo yokucoca isanti ye-quartz yasekhaya nayo iphuhlisiwe ukusuka ekuqaleni "kokugaya, ukwahlula i-magnetic, ukuhlamba" ukuya "kokwahlukanisa → ukutyumza okucothayo → i-calcination → ukucima amanzi → ukugaya → ukuvavanya → ukwahlula i-magnetic → i-flotation → i-asidi Inkqubo yokucoca edibeneyo yokuntywiliselwa → ukuhlamba → ukomisa, idityaniswe ne-microwave, i-ultrasonic kunye nezinye iindlela zokucoca kwangaphambili okanye ukuncedisa, iphucula kakhulu isiphumo sokucoca. Ngenxa yeemfuno zesinyithi esiphantsi zeglasi ye-photovoltaic, uphando kunye nophuhliso lweendlela zokususa isanti ye-quartz ziqaliswa ikakhulu.
Ngokubanzi isinyithi sifumaneka kwezi ndlela zintandathu zilandelayo ziqhelekileyo kwi-quartz ore:
① Zifumaneka ngohlobo lwamasuntswana amancinci kudongwe okanye kwi-feldspar e-kaolinized
②Incamatheliswe kumphezulu weenxalenye ze-quartz ngendlela yefilimu ye-iron oxide
③Iiminerali zentsimbi ezifana ne-hematite, i-magnetite, i-specularite, i-qinite, njl. okanye iiminerali ezinentsimbi ezifana ne-mica, i-amphibole, i-garnet, njl.
④Ikwimeko yokuntywiliselwa okanye ilensi ngaphakathi kwamasuntswana e-quartz
⑤ Ikhona kwimeko yesisombululo esiqinileyo ngaphakathi kwikristale yequartz
⑥ Ubungakanani obuthile besinyithi sesibini buya kuxutywa kwinkqubo yokutyumza nokusila
Ukuze kwahlulwe ngempumelelo iiminerali ezine-iron kwi-quartz, kuyimfuneko kuqala ukuqinisekisa imeko yokuvela kokungcola kwe-iron kwi-quartz ore kwaye ukhethe indlela efanelekileyo yokuzuza kunye nenkqubo yokwahlula ukuze kufezekiswe ukususwa kokungcola kwe-iron.
(1) Inkqubo yokwahlulwa kwemagnethi
Inkqubo yokwahlulwa kwemagnethi inokususa iiminerali ezibuthathaka zokungcola kwemagnethi ezifana ne-hematite, i-limonite kunye ne-biotite kuquka namasuntswana adibeneyo kakhulu. Ngokwendlela amandla emagnethi asebenza ngayo, ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi kunokwahlulwa kube kukwahlulwa kwemagnethi enamandla kunye nokwahlulwa kwemagnethi obuthathaka. Ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi enamandla kudla ngokuthatha ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi enamandla emanzi okanye ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi ephezulu.
Ngokubanzi, isanti ye-quartz equlethe iiminerali ezibuthathaka zemagnethi ezifana ne-limonite, i-hematite, i-biotite, njl., inokukhethwa kusetyenziswa umatshini wemagnethi onamandla ohlobo olumanzi ngexabiso elingaphezulu kwe-8.0×105A/m; Kwiiminerali ezinamandla zemagnethi ezilawulwa yi-iron ore, kungcono ukusebenzisa umatshini wemagnethi obuthathaka okanye umatshini wemagnethi ophakathi ukuze kwahlulwe. [2] Kule mihla, ngokusetyenziswa kwezahluli zemagnethi ezinamandla kunye nezomeleleyo ze-magnetic field, ukwahlulwahlulwa kunye nokucocwa kwemagnethi kuphuculwe kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elidlulileyo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa isahluli semagnethi esinamandla se-electromagnetic induction roller ukususa isinyithi phantsi kwamandla e-magnetic field ye-2.2T kunokunciphisa umxholo we-Fe2O3 ukusuka kwi-0.002% ukuya kwi-0.0002%.
(2) Inkqubo yokudada
Ukuphaphatheka yinkqubo yokwahlula amasuntswana eeminerali ngokusebenzisa iipropati ezahlukeneyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali kumphezulu wamasuntswana eeminerali. Umsebenzi ophambili kukususa i-mica yeminerali kunye ne-feldspar enxulumene nayo kwisanti ye-quartz. Ukwahlulahlula amasuntswana eeminerali kunye ne-quartz equlethe isinyithi, ukufumana uhlobo lokuvela kokungcola kwesinyithi kunye nefom yokusasazwa kobukhulu besuntswana nganye ngundoqo ekukhetheni inkqubo efanelekileyo yokwahlulahlula ukususa isinyithi. Uninzi lweeminerali eziqulethe isinyithi zinendawo yombane engu-zero ngaphezulu kwe-5, etshajiswa kakuhle kwindawo ene-asidi, kwaye ifanelekile ngokwethiyori ukusetyenziswa kwee-anionic collectors.
I-asidi yamafutha (isepha), i-hydrocarbyl sulfonate okanye i-sulfate zingasetyenziswa njengomqokeleli we-anionic wokudada kwe-iron oxide ore. I-Pyrite inokuba yi-pyrite edada kwi-quartz kwindawo yokuqhotsa kunye ne-agent ye-flotation ye-isobutyl xanthate kunye ne-butylamine black powder (4:1). Umlinganiselo umalunga ne-200ppmw.
Ukuqubha kwe-ilmenite kudla ngokusebenzisa i-sodium oleate (0.21mol/L) njenge-arhente yokuqubha ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe yi-4 ~ 10. Kwenzeka i-chemical reaction phakathi kwee-ion ze-oleate kunye nee-iron particles kumphezulu we-ilmenite ukuvelisa i-iron oleate, efunxwa ngeekhemikhali. Ii-ion ze-Oleate zigcina i-ilmenite ikwazi ukuqubha ngcono. Abaqokeleli be-phosphonic acid abasekelwe kwi-hydrocarbon abaphuhliswe kwiminyaka yakutshanje banokukhetha okuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuqokelela i-ilmenite.
(3) Inkqubo yokukhuhla i-asidi
Injongo ephambili yenkqubo yokukhupha i-asidi kukususa iiminerali zesinyithi ezinyibilikayo kwisisombululo se-asidi. Izinto ezichaphazela isiphumo sokucoca sokukhupha i-asidi ziquka ubungakanani besanti ye-quartz, ubushushu, ixesha, uhlobo lwe-asidi, uxinzelelo lwe-asidi, umlinganiselo we-solid-liquid, njl.njl., kunye nokunyusa ubushushu kunye nesisombululo se-asidi. Uxinzelelo kunye nokunciphisa i-radius yee-quartz particles kunokunyusa izinga lokukhupha kunye nezinga lokukhupha i-Al. Isiphumo sokucoca se-asidi enye silinganiselwe, kwaye i-asidi exutyiweyo inesiphumo sokusebenzisana, esinokunyusa kakhulu izinga lokususa izinto ezingcolileyo ezifana ne-Fe kunye ne-K. Ii-asidi eziqhelekileyo ze-inorganic yi-HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4, H2C2O4, ngokubanzi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zazo zixutywe kwaye zisetyenziswa ngomlinganiselo othile.
I-oxalic acid yi-organic acid esetyenziswa kakhulu ekukhupheni i-acid. Ingenza i-complex ezinzileyo ngee-ion zesinyithi ezinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye ukungcola kulula ukuhlanjwa. Inezibonelelo zedosi ephantsi kunye nesantya esiphezulu sokususa isinyithi. Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-ultrasound ukunceda ekucoceni i-oxalic acid, kwaye bafumanise ukuba xa kuthelekiswa ne-ultrasound yesiqhelo yokuxubha kunye ne-tank, i-probe ultrasound inesantya esiphezulu sokususa i-Fe, ubungakanani be-oxalic acid bungaphantsi kwe-4g/L, kwaye izinga lokususa isinyithi lifikelela kwi-75.4%.
Ukubakho kwe-asidi edityanisiweyo kunye ne-asidi ye-hydrofluoric kunokususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola kwesinyithi okufana ne-Fe, i-Al, i-Mg, kodwa ubungakanani be-asidi ye-hydrofluoric kufuneka bulawulwe kuba i-asidi ye-hydrofluoric inokugqwala amasuntswana e-quartz. Ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-asidi kuchaphazela nomgangatho wenkqubo yokucoca. Phakathi kwazo, i-asidi exutyiweyo ye-HCl kunye ne-HF inesiphumo esihle kakhulu sokucubungula. Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-agent ye-HCl kunye ne-HF exutyiweyo yokucoca isanti ye-quartz emva kokwahlulwa kwemagnethi. Ngokusebenzisa i-leaching yeekhemikhali, isixa sisonke sezinto zokungcola yi-40.71μg/g, kwaye ubunyulu be-SiO2 bufikelela kwi-99.993wt%.
(4) Ukutsalwa kweentsholongwane
Iintsholongwane zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha isinyithi esincinci okanye ukufaka isinyithi kumphezulu weenxalenye zesanti ze-quartz, indlela esandul’ ukuphuhliswa yokususa isinyithi. Izifundo zangaphandle zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-Aspergillus niger, i-Penicillium, i-Pseudomonas, i-Polymyxin Bacillus kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ukukhupha isinyithi kumphezulu wefilimu ye-quartz kufumene iziphumo ezilungileyo, apho isiphumo se-Aspergillus niger sokukhupha isinyithi sisebenza kakuhle. Izinga lokususwa kwe-Fe2O3 lingaphezulu kwe-75%, kwaye umgangatho we-Fe2O3 concentrate uphantsi njenge-0.007%. Kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba isiphumo se-leaching iron kunye nokulima iintsholongwane ezininzi kunye neenkuni ngaphambi kokuba zilinywe ziya kuba ngcono.
2.2 Enye inkqubela yophando lwesanti ye-quartz kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic
Ukuze kuncitshiswe ubungakanani be-asidi, kuncitshiswe ubunzima bonyango lwamanzi amdaka, kwaye kube nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, uPeng Shou [5] nabanye batyhile indlela yokulungiselela isanti ye-quartz yesinyithi esiphantsi se-10ppm ngenkqubo engeyiyo yokucoca: i-quartz yemithambo yendalo isetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza, kunye nokutyumza okunezigaba ezintathu. Ukugaya kwinqanaba lokuqala kunye nokuhlelwa kwinqanaba lesibini kunokufumana i-grit ye-0.1 ~ 0.7mm; i-grit yahlulwe linqanaba lokuqala lokwahlulwa kwemagnethi kunye nenqanaba lesibini lokususwa okunamandla kwemagnethi yesinyithi soomatshini kunye neeminerali ezithwala isinyithi ukuze kufunyanwe isanti yokwahlulwa kwemagnethi; ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi yesanti kufunyanwa nge-flotation yesigaba sesibini. Umxholo we-Fe2O3 ungaphantsi kwe-10ppm yesanti ye-quartz yesinyithi esiphantsi, i-flotation isebenzisa i-H2SO4 njengomlawuli, ilungisa i-pH=2~3, isebenzisa i-sodium oleate kunye ne-coconut oil-based propylene diamine njengabaqokeleli. Isanti ye-quartz elungisiweyo i-SiO2≥99.9%, i-Fe2O3≤10ppm, iyahlangabezana neemfuno zezinto eziluhlaza ezifunekayo kwiglasi ye-optical, iglasi yokubonisa i-photoelectric, kunye neglasi ye-quartz.
Kwelinye icala, ngenxa yokuncipha kwezixhobo ze-quartz ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophantsi kuye kwatsala ingqalelo enkulu. I-Xie Enjun yaseTshayina yeZixhobo zokwakha iBengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. isebenzise ii-kaolin tailings ukulungiselela isanti ye-quartz enesinyithi esiphantsi kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic. Ulwakhiwo oluphambili lweeminerali ze-kaolin tailings zaseFujian yi-quartz, equlethe inani elincinci leeminerali ezingcolileyo ezifana ne-kaolinite, i-mica, kunye ne-feldspar. Emva kokuba ii-kaolin tailings zicutshungulwe ngenkqubo yokuzuza "yokugrinda-hydraulic classification-magnetic separation-flotation", umxholo wobukhulu be-particle obuyi-0.6 ~ 0.125mm mkhulu kune-95%, i-SiO2 yi-99.62%, i-Al2O3 yi-0.065%, i-Fe2O3 yi-92 × 10-6 fine quartz sand ihlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho wesanti ye-quartz enesinyithi esiphantsi kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic.
UShao Weihua kunye nabanye abavela kwiZhengzhou Institute of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources, iChinese Academy of Geological Sciences, bapapashe ilungelo lomenzi: indlela yokulungiselela isanti ye-quartz ecocekileyo kakhulu evela kwiintsalela ze-kaolin. Amanyathelo enkqubo: a. Iintsalela ze-Kaolin zisetyenziswa njenge-ore eluhlaza, ehluzwa emva kokuxutywa nokukhuhlwa ukuze kufunyanwe izinto ze-+0.6mm; b. Izinto ze-+0.6mm ziyacolwa kwaye zihlulwe, kwaye izinto zeminerali eziyi-0.4mm0.1mm zifakwa kusebenziso lokwahlulwa kwemagnethi. Ukuze kufunyanwe izinto zemagnethi nezingezizo zemagnethi, izinto ezingezizo zemagnethi zingena kusebenziso lokwahlulwa kwe-gravity ukuze zifumane izimbiwa zokukhanya zokwahlulwa kwe-gravity kunye nezimbiwa ezinzima zokwahlulwa kwe-gravity, kwaye izimbiwa zokukhanya zokwahlulwa kwe-gravity zingena kusebenziso lokuphinda zihluzwe ukuze zifumane izimbiwa ze-+0.1mm; c+0.1mm Iminerali ingena kusebenziso lokwahlulwa kwe-flotation ukuze ifumane i-flotation concentrate. Amanzi aphezulu e-flotation concentrate ayasuswa aze ahluzwe nge-ultrasonically, aze ahluzwe ukuze kufunyanwe izinto ze-+0.1mm coarse njengesanti ye-quartz ecocekileyo kakhulu. Indlela yokuvelisa le mveliso ayinakufumana kuphela iimveliso ze-quartz ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kodwa ikwanayo nexesha elifutshane lokucubungula, ukuhamba kweenkqubo ezilula, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu we-quartz efunyenweyo, enokwanelisa iimfuno zomgangatho we-quartz ecocekileyo kakhulu.
Ii-Kaolin tailings ziqulathe inani elikhulu lezixhobo ze-quartz. Ngokuziphucula, ukuzicoca kunye nokuzilungisa nzulu, zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwezinto zeglasi ezimhlophe ze-photovoltaic. Oku kukwabonelela ngengcamango entsha yokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo ze-kaolin tailings.
3. Isishwankathelo semarike yesanti ye-quartz yesinyithi esiphantsi kwiglasi ye-photovoltaic
Kwelinye icala, kwisiqingatha sesibini sowama-2020, amandla emveliso ancitshisiweyo okwandisa awakwazi ukumelana nemfuno ekhulayo phantsi kwempumelelo ephezulu. Ubonelelo kunye nemfuno yeglasi ye-photovoltaic ayilingani, kwaye ixabiso liyaphakama. Phantsi kobizo oludibeneyo lweenkampani ezininzi zemodyuli ye-photovoltaic, ngoDisemba ka-2020, uMphathiswa wezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi ukhuphe uxwebhu olucacisa ukuba iprojekthi yeglasi eqengqelekayo ye-photovoltaic ayinakuqulunqa isicwangciso sokutshintsha amandla. Ichatshazelwe ngumgaqo-nkqubo omtsha, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yeglasi ye-photovoltaic liya kwandiswa ukusuka ngo-2021. Ngokweenkcukacha zoluntu, amandla eglasi ye-photovoltaic eqengqelekayo enesicwangciso esicacileyo semveliso kwi-21/22 iya kufikelela kwi-22250/26590t/d, kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka le-68.4/48.6%. Kwimeko yeziqinisekiso zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye necala lemfuno, isanti ye-photovoltaic kulindeleke ukuba ingenise ukukhula okukhulayo.
Umthamo wemveliso yeglasi ye-photovoltaic yowama-2015-2022
Kwelinye icala, ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla okuvelisa iglasi ye-photovoltaic kunokubangela ukuba ukunikezelwa kwesanti ye-silica yesinyithi esiphantsi kudlule ukunikezelwa, nto leyo ethintela ukuveliswa kokwenyani kwamandla okuvelisa iglasi ye-photovoltaic. Ngokwezibalo, ukusukela ngo-2014, imveliso yesanti ye-quartz yasekhaya kwilizwe lam ngokubanzi ibiphantsi kancinci kunemfuno yasekhaya, kwaye ukunikezelwa kunye nemfuno kuye kwagcina ulungelelwano oluqinileyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, izixhobo ze-quartz placer zasekhaya zelizwe lam azinazo i-iron eninzi, zigxile kwiHeyuan yaseGuangdong, eBeihai yaseGuangxi, eFengyang yaseAnhui naseDonghai yaseJiangsu, kwaye uninzi lwazo kufuneka zingeniswe kwamanye amazwe.
Isanti ye-quartz emhlophe kakhulu enesinyithi esiphantsi yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo (ezimalunga ne-25% yexabiso lezinto eziluhlaza) kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ixabiso nalo liye landa. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ibimalunga ne-200 yuan/ton ixesha elide. Emva kokuqhambuka kobhubhane we-Q1 kwiminyaka engama-20, iye yehla isuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye okwangoku igcina ukusebenza okuzinzileyo okwangoku.
Ngowama-2020, imfuno iyonke yesanti ye-quartz kwilizwe lam iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-90.93 ezigidi, imveliso iya kuba ziitoni ezingama-87.65 ezigidi, kwaye ukungeniswa okucocekileyo kuya kuba ziitoni ezingama-3.278 ezigidi. Ngokolwazi loluntu, isixa samatye e-quartz kwi-100kg yeglasi enyibilikisiweyo simalunga ne-72.2kg. Ngokwesicwangciso sokwandisa sangoku, ukonyuka komthamo weglasi ye-photovoltaic ngo-2021/2022 kunokufikelela kwi-3.23/24500t/d, ngokwemveliso yonyaka. Ibalwe kwixesha leentsuku ezingama-360, imveliso iyonke iya kuhambelana nemfuno entsha ekhulayo yesanti ye-silica yesinyithi esiphantsi yeetoni ezingama-836/635 ezigidi ngonyaka, oko kukuthi, imfuno entsha yesanti ye-silica yesinyithi esiphantsi eziswe yiglasi ye-photovoltaic ngo-2021/2022 iya kubala isanti ye-quartz iyonke ngo-2020 nge-9.2%/7.0% yemfuno. Xa ucinga ukuba isanti ye-silica enesinyithi esiphantsi ibandakanya kuphela inxalenye yemfuno iyonke yesanti ye-silica, unikezelo kunye noxinzelelo lwemfuno kwisanti ye-silica enesinyithi esiphantsi olubangelwa lutyalo-mali olukhulu lomthamo wemveliso yeglasi ye-photovoltaic lunokuba phezulu kakhulu kunoxinzelelo olukwishishini lesanti ye-quartz iyonke.
—Inqaku elivela kwiPowder Network
Ixesha lokuthumela: Disemba-11-2021