Njengoko ineempawu ezikhethekileyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali, i-kaolin sisixhobo seeminerali esingeyosinyithi esifunekayo kwiiseramikhi, ekwenzeni amaphepha, kwirabha, kwiplastiki, kwi-refractories, ekucociseni ipetroliyam nakwezinye iindawo zobuchwepheshe bezoshishino, bezolimo kunye nobokhuselo lwesizwe. Ubumhlophe be-kaolin luphawu olubalulekileyo lwexabiso layo lokusetyenziswa.
Izinto ezichaphazela ubumhlophe be-kaolin
I-Kaolin luhlobo lodongwe olucolekileyo okanye ilitye lodongwe elenziwe ikakhulu ziiminerali ze-kaolinite. Ifomula yayo yekhemikhali yekristale yi-2SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2H2O. Inani elincinci leeminerali ezingezizo ezodongwe yi-quartz, i-feldspar, iiminerali zesinyithi, i-titanium, i-aluminium hydroxide kunye nee-oxides, izinto eziphilayo, njl.
Ulwakhiwo lwekristale ye-kaolin
Ngokwemeko kunye nohlobo lokungcola kwi-kaolin, ukungcola okubangela ukwehla kobumhlophe be-kaolin kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube ziindidi ezintathu: i-organic carbon; Izinto ze-pigment, ezifana ne-Fe, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, Mn, njl. njl. Iiminerali ezimnyama, ezifana ne-biotite, i-chlorite, njl. Ngokubanzi, umxholo we-V, Cr, Cu, Mn kunye nezinye izinto kwi-kaolin umncinci, nto leyo engabi nafuthe lingako kubumhlophe. Ukwakheka kwezimbiwa kunye nomxholo we-iron kunye ne-titanium zezona zinto ziphambili ezichaphazela ubumhlophe be-kaolin. Ubukho bazo abuyi kuchaphazela kuphela ubumhlophe bendalo be-kaolin, kodwa buya kuchaphazela nobumhlophe bayo obune-calcined. Ngokukodwa, ubukho be-iron oxide bunefuthe elibi kumbala wodongwe kwaye bunciphisa ukukhanya kwayo kunye nokumelana nomlilo. Kwaye nokuba ubungakanani be-oxide, i-hydroxide kunye ne-hydrated oxide ye-iron oxide yi-0.4%, kwanele ukunika umbala obomvu we-clay sediment ube nombala otyheli. Ezi iron oxides kunye ne hydroxides zinokuba yi hematite (ebomvu), maghemite (ebomvu-mdaka), goethite (etyheli mdaka), limonite (orenji), hydrated iron oxide (ebomvu-mdaka), njl. Kunokuthiwa ukususwa kokungcola kwesinyithi kwi kaolin kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni ngcono kwe kaolin.
Imeko yokwenzeka kwento yesinyithi
Imeko yokuvela kwesinyithi kwi-kaolin yeyona nto iphambili emisela indlela yokususa isinyithi. Inani elikhulu lezifundo likholelwa ukuba isinyithi esikristale ngendlela yamasuntswana amancinci sixutywe kwi-kaolin, ngelixa isinyithi esingenasimo sigqunywe phezu kwamasuntswana amancinci e-kaolin. Okwangoku, imeko yokuvela kwesinyithi kwi-kaolin yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezimbini ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe: enye ikwi-kaolinite kunye neeminerali ezincedisayo (ezifana ne-mica, i-titanium dioxide kunye ne-illite), ebizwa ngokuba yi-structural iron; Enye ikwimo yeeminerali zesinyithi ezizimeleyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-free iron (kubandakanya i-surface iron, i-fine-grained crystalline iron kunye ne-amorphous iron).
Isinyithi esisuswayo ngokususa isinyithi kunye nokwenza mhlophe i-kaolin yisinyithi esikhululekileyo, ikakhulu kuquka i-magnetite, i-hematite, i-limonite, i-siderite, i-pyrite, i-ilmenite, i-jarosite kunye nezinye iiminerali; Uninzi lwesinyithi lufumaneka ngohlobo lwe-limonite esasazeke kakhulu ye-colloidal, kwaye inani elincinci likwimo ye-goethite engqukuva, ecacileyo kunye ne-irregular kunye ne-hematite.
Indlela yokususa isinyithi kunye nokwenza mhlophe i-kaolin
Ukwahlulwa kwamanzi
Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ukususa iiminerali ezingafunekiyo ezifana ne-quartz, i-feldspar kunye ne-mica, kunye nokungcola okurhabaxa okufana neenkunkuma zamatye, kunye nezinye iiminerali zentsimbi kunye ne-titanium. Iiminerali ezingcolisayo ezinobunzima obufanayo kunye nokunyibilika njenge-kaolin azinakushenxiswa, kwaye ukuphuculwa kobumhlophe akubonakali ngokucacileyo, nto leyo efanelekileyo ekuphuculeni nasekuthambiseni i-kaolin ore ekumgangatho ophezulu.
Ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi
Ukungcola kweeminerali zesinyithi kwi-kaolin kudla ngokuba yimagnethi ebuthathaka. Okwangoku, kusetyenziswa indlela yokwahlulahlula enamandla emagnethi enegradient ephezulu, okanye iiminerali zemagnethi ezibuthathaka ziguqulwa zibe yi-oxide enamandla esinyithi emva kokurosta, zize zisuswe ngendlela eqhelekileyo yokwahlulahlula amandla esinyithi.
Isahluli semagnethi esithe nkqo esiphakamileyo se-gradient
Isihluzi semagnethi segradient ephezulu se-slurry ye-electromagnetic
Isahluli semagnethi esisebenza ngobushushu obuphantsi
Indlela yokudada
Indlela yokutyibiliza isetyenzisiwe ukunyanga i-kaolin evela kwiidiphozithi eziphambili nezesibini. Kwinkqubo yokutyibiliza, amasuntswana e-kaolinite kunye ne-mica ayahlulwahlulwa, kwaye iimveliso ezicociweyo zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifanelekileyo zodidi lwemveliso. Ukwahlulwa kwe-kaolinite kunye ne-feldspar ngokutyibiliza kudla ngokwenziwa kwi-slurry ene-pH elawulwayo.
Indlela yokunciphisa
Indlela yokunciphisa kukusebenzisa i-arhente yokunciphisa ukunciphisa ukungcola kwesinyithi (njenge-hematite kunye ne-limonite) kwimeko ye-trivalent ye-kaolin ukuya kwi-soluble bivalent iron ions, ezisuswa ngokuhluzwa nokuhlanjwa. Ukususwa kokungcola kwe-Fe3+ kwi-industrial kaolin kudla ngokufezekiswa ngokudibanisa iteknoloji yezinto ezibonakalayo (ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi, i-selective flocculation) kunye nonyango lweekhemikhali phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi okanye zokunciphisa.
I-Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sodium hydrosulfite, iyasebenza ekunciphiseni nasekukhupheni i-iron kwi-kaolin, kwaye ngoku isetyenziswa kwishishini le-kaolin. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela kufuneka yenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezinamandla ze-asidi (pH<3), nto leyo ebangela iindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, iipropati zeekhemikhali ze-sodium hydrosulfite azizinzanga, zifuna amalungiselelo okugcina kunye nokuthuthwa okukhethekileyo.
I-Thiourea dioxide: (NH2) 2CSO2, TD) sisithambisi esinamandla sokunciphisa, esineengenelo zokuba namandla okunciphisa aqinileyo, ukuba nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, izinga eliphantsi lokubola, ukhuseleko kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa ibhetshi. I-Fe3+enganyibilikiyo kwi-kaolin ingancitshiswa ibe yi-Fe2+enyibilikayo nge-TD.
Emva koko, ubumhlophe be-kaolin bunokwandiswa emva kokuhluzwa nokuhlanjwa. I-TD izinzile kakhulu kubushushu begumbi nakwiimeko ezingathathi cala. Amandla okunciphisa i-TD anokufunyanwa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ze-alkalinity enamandla (pH>10) okanye ukufudumeza (T>70 ° C), nto leyo ekhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza kunye nobunzima.
Indlela yokuxutywa kwe-oxidation
Unyango lwe-oxidation luquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-ozone, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-potassium permanganate kunye ne-sodium hypochlorite ukususa umaleko wekhabhoni ofakwe emanzini ukuphucula ubumhlophe. I-kaolin kwindawo enzulu phantsi komthwalo otyebileyo ingwevu, kwaye isinyithi kwi-kaolin sikwimeko yokunciphisa. Sebenzisa ii-oxidizing agents ezinamandla ezifana ne-ozone okanye i-sodium hypochlorite ukunyibilikisa i-FeS2 enganyibilikiyo kwi-pyrite ukuya kwi-Fe2+ enyibilikayo, uze uhlambe ukuze ususe i-Fe2+ kwinkqubo.
Indlela yokukhupha i-asidi
Indlela yokukhupha i-asidi kukuguqula ukungcola kwesinyithi okunganyibilikiyo kwi-kaolin kube zizinto ezinyibilikayo kwizisombululo ze-asidi (i-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, i-oxalic acid, njl.njl.), ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukwahlukana kwi-kaolin. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-asidi ze-organic, i-oxalic acid ithathwa njengeyona ithembisayo ngenxa yamandla ayo e-asidi, ipropati elungileyo yokudibanisa kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukunciphisa kakhulu. Nge-oxalic acid, isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo sinokususwa kwisisombululo sokukhupha i-asidi ngendlela ye-ferrous oxalate, kwaye sinokucutshungulwa ngakumbi ukuze senze i-hematite ecocekileyo nge-calcination. I-oxalic acid inokufumaneka ngexabiso eliphantsi kwezinye iinkqubo zoshishino, kwaye kwinqanaba lokudubula lokwenziwa kwe-ceramic, nayiphi na i-oxalate eseleyo kwizinto ezicociweyo iya kubola ibe yi-carbon dioxide. Abaphandi abaninzi baye bafunda iziphumo zokunyibilikisa i-iron oxide nge-oxalic acid.
Indlela yokubala ngobushushu obuphezulu
Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination yinkqubo yokuvelisa iimveliso ze-kaolin ezikhethekileyo. Ngokweqondo lobushushu lonyango, kwenziwa iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-kaolin ene-calcined. Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination kubushushu obuyi-650-700 ℃ kususa iqela le-hydroxyl yesakhiwo, kwaye umphunga wamanzi ophumayo uphucula ukuthamba kunye nokungacaci kwe-kaolin, oluphawu olufanelekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwephepha lokugquma. Ukongeza, ngokufudumeza i-kaolin kwi-1000-1050 ℃, ayinako nje ukwandisa ukuqhawuka, kodwa ikwafumana ubumhlophe obuyi-92-95%.
Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine kwi-calcination
Intsimbi kunye ne-titanium zisusiwe kwiiminerali zodongwe, ingakumbi i-kaolin ngokuyi-chlorination, kwaye kwafunyanwa iziphumo ezilungileyo. Kwinkqubo yokuyi-chlorination kunye ne-calcination, kubushushu obuphezulu (700 ℃ - 1000 ℃), i-kaolinite iye yafumana i-dehydroxylation ukwenza i-metakaolinite, kwaye kubushushu obuphezulu, kwenziwa ii-spinel kunye ne-mullite phases. Olu tshintsho lonyusa ukunganyangeki kwamanzi, ubulukhuni kunye nobukhulu bamasuntswana ngokusila. Iiminerali eziphathwe ngale ndlela zingasetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi, afana nephepha, i-PVC, irabha, iplastiki, izincamathelisi, ukupolisha kunye ne-toothpaste. Ukunganyangeki kwamanzi okuphezulu kwenza ezi ziminerali zihambelane ngakumbi neenkqubo ze-organic.
Indlela ye-Microbiological
Iteknoloji yokucoca iiminerali kwiiminerali yinto entsha esetyenziswayo ekucubunguleni izimbiwa, kuquka iteknoloji yokukhupha iimicrobial kunye neteknoloji yokukhupha iimicrobial. Iteknoloji yokukhupha iimicrobial kwiiminerali yiteknoloji yokukhupha esebenzisa intsebenziswano enzulu phakathi kweemicrobial kunye neeminerali ukutshabalalisa i-crystal lattice yeeminerali kunye nokunyibilikisa izinto eziluncedo. I-oxidized pyrite kunye nezinye ii-sulfide ores ezikwi-kaolin zinokucocwa ngeteknoloji yokukhupha iimicrobial. Iimicrobial ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka iThiobacillus ferroxidans kunye neFe-reducing bacteria. Indlela yemicrobiological inexabiso eliphantsi kunye nongcoliseko oluphantsi lokusingqongileyo, olungayi kuchaphazela iimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali ze-kaolin. Yindlela entsha yokucoca kunye nokwenza mhlophe enamathuba ophuhliso lweeminerali ze-kaolin.
Isishwankathelo
Ukususwa kwesinyithi kunye nonyango lwe-kaolin kufuneka kukhethwe eyona ndlela ilungileyo ngokwemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye neenjongo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa, kuphuculwe ukusebenza okubanzi kobumhlophe beeminerali ze-kaolin, kwaye kwenziwe kube nexabiso eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho. Ikamva lophuhliso kufuneka libe kukudibanisa iimpawu zendlela yeekhemikhali, indlela ebonakalayo kunye nendlela ye-microbiological ngokwendalo, ukuze kunikwe indima epheleleyo kwiingenelo zazo kwaye kuthintelwe iingxaki kunye nokusilela kwazo, ukuze kufezekiswe isiphumo esingcono sobumhlophe. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko kwakhona ukufunda ngakumbi indlela entsha yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokususa ukungcola kunye nokuphucula inkqubo yokwenza ukususwa kwesinyithi kunye nokucoca i-kaolin kuphuhle kwicala eliluhlaza, elisebenzayo neliphantsi kwekhabhoni.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-02-2023